How long does foreclosure take? State-by-state timeline

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial power-of-sale foreclosure is the most common Alabama path (Ala. Code §§ 35-10-11 et seq.).

Notice: Publish intended sale notice in a newspaper in the county once a week for three consecutive weeks. For homestead property with a mortgage dated on or after January 1, 2016, mail notice of the right to redeem at least 30 days before the foreclosure date.

Redemption: Statutory post-sale redemption commonly runs 180 days after sale for residential property claimed as a homestead in the tax year of the sale, or one year for other property, subject to notice and possession rules in §§ 6-5-247 et seq.

Timeline caveat: Beyond the publication window, Alabama does not publish a single average months-to-sale figure; federal servicing rules and loan documents can add time.

Statutory timing note: Publication: once a week for three consecutive weeks before the sale.

Primary source: Ala. Code §§ 35-10-11 et seq.; 6-5-247 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee foreclosure under AS 34.20.070 et seq. is the common path.

Notice: Record a notice of default at least 30 days after default and at least 90 days before sale; mail a copy by certified mail within 10 days of recording (personal delivery alternatives apply). Publish notice of sale once a week for four consecutive weeks and follow posting/website requirements.

Redemption: Alaska borrowers generally may reinstate before sale; there is no general statutory post-sale right of redemption unless the deed of trust provides one.

Timeline: The 90-day pre-sale notice-of-default floor is a citeable statutory checkpoint—not a guarantee of total case length.

Statutory timing note: Notice of default must be recorded at least 90 days before the sale date.

Primary source: AS §§ 34.20.070 et seq.; 09.35.140

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under A.R.S. Title 33, Chapter 6.1 is the common residential path.

Notice: Record a notice of sale; the sale must be at least 91 days later. Mail the borrower a copy within five business days of recording, post on the property at least 20 days before sale, and publish once a week for four consecutive weeks (last publication at least 10 days before sale).

Redemption: Arizona generally has no statutory post-sale redemption for trustee’s sales. Reinstatement is typically available until 5 p.m. the day before sale (excluding Saturdays and legal holidays).

Timeline: The 91-day recording-to-sale floor is a statutory minimum; mediation, bankruptcy, or loan-modification reviews can extend the calendar.

Statutory timing note: Trustee’s sale date: at least 91 days after recording the notice of sale.

Primary source: A.R.S. §§ 33-801 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under Ark. Code § 18-50-101 et seq. is the common path.

Notice: Send a statutory pre-foreclosure notice package at least 10 days before beginning foreclosure. File a notice of default at least 60 days before sale; mail a copy within 30 days of recording; publish once a week for four consecutive weeks (final publication no more than 10 days before sale) and follow courthouse/internet posting rules.

Redemption: Borrowers may reinstate before sale. There is no general statutory post-sale right of redemption for this non-judicial path.

Timeline: The 60-day notice-of-default floor is a statutory checkpoint; total duration still depends on loan documents and federal servicing rules.

Statutory timing note: Notice of default filing: at least 60 days before the sale date.

Primary source: Ark. Code §§ 18-50-101 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under California Civil Code §§ 2924 et seq. is the dominant residential path. Judicial foreclosure exists but is less common for most home loans.

Notice: After required pre-foreclosure contact/outreach, record a Notice of Default. Not less than three months later, record/give Notice of Sale under § 2924f (sale may be set no earlier than three months and 20 days after the NOD). Mail, post, and publish the NOS at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: After a non-judicial trustee’s sale there is generally no statutory post-sale redemption. Reinstatement of a monetary default is typically available until five business days before the sale date in the initial recorded NOS (§ 2924c).

Timeline: The Civil Code timing is a minimum path for a straight-line non-judicial case—not an average, and dual-tracking / loss-mitigation rules can add delay.

Statutory timing note: Sale date generally no earlier than three months and 20 days after recording the notice of default.

Primary source: Cal. Civ. Code §§ 2924–2924g; CA Courts self-help

Process: Non-judicial (public trustee + Rule 120)

Process: Colorado’s common path is a public-trustee foreclosure with limited court oversight via a Rule 120 order authorizing sale (C.R.S. Title 38, Article 38).

Notice: Mail Colorado foreclosure hotline / loss-mitigation information at least 30 days before filing a Notice of Election and Demand and at least 30 days after default. The public trustee mails cure/sale information and publishes notice once a week for five consecutive weeks in the statutory window before sale. Rule 120 motion notice must be mailed and posted at least 14 days before the response deadline.

Redemption: Borrowers typically reinstate until noon the day before sale after filing a timely intent-to-cure. Post-sale borrower redemption is generally not available; some junior lienholders have short redemption windows—verify the public trustee notices.

Timeline: The 110–125 day NED-to-sale window is a statutory scheduling rule for many residential cases, not a promise that every file closes in that band.

Statutory timing note: Public trustee sale window commonly 110–125 days after NED recording.

Primary source: C.R.S. §§ 38-38-100.3 et seq.

Process: Judicial (strict foreclosure or foreclosure by sale)

Process: Judicial foreclosure is required; Connecticut uses either strict foreclosure (title passes after Law Days) or foreclosure by sale.

Notice: The lender files a complaint and serves a summons. Eligible borrowers in the foreclosure mediation program generally must file a Foreclosure Mediation Certificate and appearance within 15 days of the return date.

Redemption: In strict foreclosure the court sets Law Day(s) by which the borrower may redeem; public materials often describe Law Day about 45–90 days after judgment, subject to extension motions. In foreclosure by sale, redemption generally continues until the court confirms the sale.

Timeline: Because the path is court-driven, Connecticut does not publish a single statewide minimum months-to-sale figure useful as an average.

Statutory timing note: Law Day / sale timing is set by the court after judgment—not a fixed statute-of-days minimum to first notice.

Primary source: Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 49-14 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under Title 10 is the common Delaware path.

Notice: Send a notice of intent to foreclose by certified and first-class mail at least 45 days before filing. File and serve the complaint/summons; many owner-occupied primary residences also receive foreclosure-mediation materials. Sale notice must be published for two weeks, posted in public places, and provided to the borrower at least 10 days before sale.

Redemption: A borrower may redeem until the court confirms the sale.

Timeline: Beyond the 45-day pre-suit notice, total duration depends on mediation, answers, and court scheduling—Delaware publishes no single official average months figure.

Statutory timing note: Notice of intent to foreclose: at least 45 days before filing the complaint.

Primary source: 10 Del. C. §§ 5061 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under D.C. Code § 42-815 et seq. is the common residential path, with a mediation opt-in for many loans.

Notice: Send notice of default by certified and first-class mail (copy to the Mayor) stating the cure amount and mediation information. If mediation does not resolve the matter, send a notice of intent to foreclose (copy to the Mayor) at least 30 days before sale. Publication details are commonly set in the deed of trust.

Redemption: Borrowers may generally cure up to five business days before bidding begins (limited to once every two years). There is no general statutory post-sale redemption described for the standard path.

Timeline: D.C. does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure; mediation and federal servicing rules can extend the calendar.

Statutory timing note: Notice of intent to foreclose must reach the Mayor at least 30 days before the sale date.

Primary source: D.C. Code §§ 42-815 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Florida residential mortgage foreclosure is judicial (Fla. Stat. Chapter 702 / civil procedure sale statutes).

Notice: The lender files a complaint and serves a summons. After judgment, notice of sale must be published once a week for two consecutive weeks in the county of sale; the second publication must be at least five days before the sale. Many judgments schedule sale about 20–35 days after the judgment date.

Redemption: Under Fla. Stat. § 45.0315, redemption ends at the later of the clerk’s filing of the certificate of sale or the time specified in the judgment—often a very short post-auction window.

Timeline: Court dockets, service issues, and loss-mitigation can make total duration far longer than the post-judgment sale window; Florida does not publish one official statewide average from filing to sale.

Statutory timing note: Publication: two consecutive weeks; second publication at least five days before sale. Sale commonly scheduled 20–35 days after judgment.

Primary source: Fla. Stat. §§ 45.031, 45.0315, 702.01 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial power-of-sale foreclosure under a deed to secure debt is Georgia’s common residential path.

Notice: Send proper foreclosure notice at least 30 days before the sale date. Advertise the sale in the county’s legal newspaper once a week for four weeks. Sales are commonly held on the first Tuesday of the month on the courthouse steps between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.

Redemption: Georgia generally provides no statutory post-sale right of redemption for this path. A separate 10-day attorneys’-fees cure notice may apply under § 13-1-11.

Timeline: The 30-day + four-week advertising rules are citeable floors—not an official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Personal notice at least 30 days before sale; advertise once a week for four weeks.

Primary source: O.C.G.A. §§ 44-14-160 et seq.; Ga. AG consumer materials

Process: Judicial (non-judicial also available)

Process: Judicial foreclosure is described as the most common Hawaii path; Chapter 667 also authorizes non-judicial options in defined situations—confirm which track your loan uses.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons. Publish notice of sale for three consecutive weeks in a county newspaper, or use the state website publication option plus at least one newspaper notice. Sale must occur no sooner than 14 days after the last newspaper publication (or 28 days after website publication).

Redemption: Public survey materials list no general post-sale statutory redemption for the common path; confirm the judgment and Chapter 667 track.

Timeline: Court calendars dominate; Hawaii does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Sale no sooner than 14 days after last newspaper publication (or 28 days after website publication, when that route is used).

Primary source: HRS §§ 667-1 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee foreclosure under Idaho Code Title 45, Chapter 15 is the common path.

Notice: Record a notice of default and mail a copy. Before sale, give notice of sale at least 120 days prior by registered or certified mail, attempt occupant service, post on the property, and publish once a week for four consecutive weeks (last publication at least 30 days before sale). Record affidavits of mailing/posting/publishing at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: Reinstatement is generally available for 115 days after the notice of default is recorded. There is no general statutory post-sale redemption for this trustee’s sale path.

Timeline: The 120-day notice-of-sale floor is a statutory minimum checkpoint.

Statutory timing note: Notice of sale: at least 120 days before the sale; reinstatement window commonly runs 115 days after NOD recording.

Primary source: Idaho Code §§ 45-1502 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Illinois Mortgage Foreclosure Law (735 ILCS 5/Art. XV) makes judicial foreclosure the residential path.

Notice: Serve notice of reinstatement rights at least 30 days before filing. File and serve the complaint/summons with required borrower-rights information. Before sale, publish notice once a week for three consecutive weeks (first publication no more than 45 days before sale; last at least seven days before) and give the borrower notice at least 10 business days before sale.

Redemption: Statutory redemption is generally available until the later of seven months after service or three months after judgment, with additional IMFL nuances (including a limited post-sale confirmation redemption in some deficiency situations).

Timeline: Illinois publishes statutory clocks, not a single official average months-from-filing-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Reinstatement commonly available for 90 days after service; redemption often later of 7 months after service or 3 months after judgment.

Primary source: 735 ILCS 5/15-1501 et seq. (IMFL)

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Indiana’s common residential path.

Notice: Send a certified-mail pre-foreclosure notice at least 30 days before filing (including Indiana Foreclosure Prevention Network information). File and serve the complaint/summons stating settlement-conference rights. Publish/post notice of sale beginning at least 30 days before the sale date.

Redemption: Indiana generally does not provide a statutory post-sale redemption period for ordinary mortgage foreclosures. Reinstatement can dismiss or postpone the action depending on timing.

Timeline: The three-month filing-to-sale waiting period is a citeable statutory/practice floor for many cases.

Statutory timing note: Sale commonly at least three months after filing; 30-day pre-suit notice required.

Primary source: Ind. Code §§ 32-30-10 et seq.; 32-30-10.5

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under Iowa Code Chapter 654 is the common path; lenders choose foreclosure with or without redemption.

Notice: Send a notice of right to cure at least 30 days before filing (45 days for agricultural property), subject to repeat-default limits. A 14-day demand relates to attorney-fee recovery. Publish and post sale notices with the first newspaper publication at least four weeks before sale.

Redemption: If the lender pursues foreclosure with redemption, post-sale redemption is commonly up to one year, with shorter periods when deficiency is waived or the property is abandoned. Foreclosure without redemption eliminates that post-sale window.

Timeline: Because redemption elections change the structure, Iowa has no single official average months-to-sale figure for all residential cases.

Statutory timing note: Right-to-cure notice: generally 30 days before filing for non-agricultural residential property.

Primary source: Iowa Code §§ 654.1 et seq.; 628.1 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Kansas’s common residential path.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons. Publish notice of sale once a week for three consecutive weeks; the last publication must occur between seven and 14 days before the sale.

Redemption: K.S.A. 60-2414 generally allows the defendant owner to redeem within 12 months of sale. The period may be ordered shorter (commonly three months) when little of the original indebtedness was paid, or in other statutory circumstances including abandonment.

Timeline: Kansas publishes redemption rules, not a single official average months-from-filing-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Owner redemption commonly 12 months from sale, subject to statutory shortening rules.

Primary source: K.S.A. §§ 60-2401 et seq.; 60-2414

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Kentucky’s common path.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons. High-cost home loans require a 30-day cure notice before suit. Before sale, post notice for 15 days and publish in a newspaper; the property is typically appraised by two appraisers.

Redemption: A six-month post-sale redemption can apply when the sale does not bring two-thirds of the appraised value—confirm whether that statutory condition is met in the file.

Timeline: Kentucky does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Conditional post-sale redemption: six months when sale price is under two-thirds of appraisal.

Primary source: KRS §§ 426.005 et seq.; 426.530

Process: Executory proceeding (court-ordered seizure/sale)

Process: Louisiana’s common mortgage enforcement path is an executory proceeding (often with a confession of judgment in the mortgage), which is court-supervised but streamlined compared with ordinary litigation.

Notice: File a petition; after the order, the sheriff serves a notice of seizure including sale information and housing-counseling resources. Schedule the sale at least 60 days after the order and publish notice at least twice.

Redemption: Ordinary executory foreclosure does not provide a general statutory post-sale redemption period.

Timeline: The 60-day post-order scheduling floor is a citeable checkpoint; injunctions or conversion to ordinary process can change the path.

Statutory timing note: Sale scheduled at least 60 days after the court order.

Primary source: La. Code Civ. Proc. arts. 2631 et seq.; La. R.S. 13:3852

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under Title 14 is Maine’s common residential path, with mediation for many primary residences.

Notice: For a primary residence, send right-to-cure notice by certified and first-class mail at least 35 days before filing. Serve the complaint/summons with mediation materials when required. After judgment and expiration of the redemption period, publish sale notice once a week for three successive weeks and mail notice at least 30 calendar days before sale; sale is commonly 30–45 days after first publication.

Redemption: Borrowers commonly have up to 90 days from judgment to redeem before the sale is advertised. Public survey materials list no general post-sale statutory redemption once the sale occurs.

Timeline: Maine’s citeable checkpoints are the 35-day pre-suit notice and post-judgment redemption window—not an official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Primary-residence right-to-cure notice: at least 35 days before filing.

Primary source: 14 M.R.S. §§ 6111, 6321 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial (order to docket / court-supervised sale)

Process: Maryland’s common residential path is a power-of-sale / assent-to-decree foreclosure begun by an order to docket (or complaint), with court ratification after sale.

Notice: Send a notice of intent to foreclose at least 45 days before commencing (with loss-mitigation materials for owner-occupied residential property). An order to docket is generally filed after the later of 90 days after default or 45 days after the NOI. Publish notice of sale once a week for three successive weeks, first publication at least 15 days before sale.

Redemption: Reinstatement is commonly available until one business day before sale; equitable redemption continues until the court ratifies the sale.

Timeline: Maryland’s NOI and post-default waiting rules are floors; mediation and exceptions practice can extend total duration.

Statutory timing note: Notice of intent: at least 45 days before commencing foreclosure; docketing often waits until 90 days after default.

Primary source: Md. Code, Real Prop. §§ 7-105.1 et seq.; Md. Rule 14-305

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under power of sale (G.L. c. 244) is Massachusetts’s common path.

Notice: For many borrower-occupied principal residences with four or fewer units, send a 90-day right-to-cure notice (limits on repeat use apply). Publish notice of sale once a week for three successive weeks with the first publication at least 21 days before sale; mail owners of record at least 14 days before sale.

Redemption: There is no general statutory post-sale right of redemption after a power-of-sale foreclosure.

Timeline: The 90-day cure period is a major statutory floor for covered loans; total duration still varies with loss mitigation and title issues.

Statutory timing note: Many principal residences: 90-day right to cure before foreclosure sale notices; first publication at least 21 days before sale.

Primary source: Mass. Gen. Laws c. 244, §§ 1 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial (foreclosure by advertisement)

Process: Foreclosure by advertisement under MCL 600.3201 et seq. is Michigan’s common residential path; judicial foreclosure is also available.

Notice: Publish notice of sale once a week for four successive weeks in a county newspaper and post a copy in a conspicuous place on the premises within 15 days of the first publication. The notice must state the amount claimed due and the length of the redemption period.

Redemption: Post-sale redemption is generally six months if more than two-thirds of the original indebtedness remains unpaid, or one year if two-thirds or less remains unpaid; abandoned-property rules can shorten the period to about 30 days.

Timeline: Michigan’s citeable structure is four weeks of advertising plus a months-long redemption period—not a single official average from first missed payment to sale.

Statutory timing note: Publication: once a week for four successive weeks before sale; redemption often 6 or 12 months afterward.

Primary source: MCL §§ 600.3201 et seq.; 600.3240

Process: Non-judicial (foreclosure by advertisement)

Process: Foreclosure by advertisement under Minnesota Statutes Chapter 580 is the common path; foreclosure by action is also available.

Notice: Mail a notice of default with a 30-day right to cure and, for many borrower-occupied 1–4 unit principal residences, foreclosure-prevention counseling information. Record the foreclosure notice, publish for six weeks, and serve an occupant at least four weeks before sale.

Redemption: Post-sale redemption is commonly six months and can be one year in some situations (for example when less than two-thirds of the original principal remains due). Abandoned-property procedures can shorten redemption to five weeks.

Timeline: Six weeks of publication is a statutory floor before sale; redemption then extends possession/title finality by months.

Statutory timing note: Sale notice published for six weeks; occupant service at least four weeks before sale.

Primary source: Minn. Stat. §§ 580.01 et seq.; 582.032

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under power of sale is Mississippi’s common residential path.

Notice: Publish notice of the foreclosure sale in a newspaper of the county of sale for three consecutive weeks and post notice on the courthouse door.

Redemption: Borrowers may reinstate up to the sale; survey materials list no general statutory post-sale redemption for this path.

Timeline: Beyond three weeks of publication, Mississippi does not publish an official statewide average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Publication for three consecutive weeks plus courthouse posting.

Primary source: Miss. Code §§ 89-1-55, 89-1-59; 15-1-23

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under power of sale is Missouri’s common path.

Notice: Mail notice of sale by certified or registered mail at least 20 days before the sale. Publish in a daily newspaper at least 20 times up to the sale in counties with large cities, or weekly for four successive weeks elsewhere.

Redemption: A one-year post-sale redemption can exist if the lender bought at the sale and the borrower gave timely written notice of intent to redeem (at the sale or within 10 days before) and posted a satisfactory bond within 20 days—there is generally no redemption if a third party purchased.

Timeline: Missouri’s citeable floors are the 20-day mail rule and publication schedule, not an official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Mailed notice at least 20 days before sale; publication rules vary by county size.

Primary source: Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 443.310–443.325, 443.410

Process: Non-judicial (Small Tract Financing Act trust indenture)

Process: For many residential parcels of 40 acres or less, non-judicial foreclosure under the Small Tract Financing Act (trust indenture) is the common path.

Notice: Record notice of the foreclosure sale and send certified mail to the borrower at least 120 days before sale; post on the property at least 20 days before sale; publish once a week for three successive weeks with the last publication at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: The Act allows reinstatement until sale but provides no post-sale right of redemption; deficiency judgments are generally unavailable on this track.

Timeline: The 120-day notice floor is the key statutory checkpoint for Small Tract Financing Act sales.

Statutory timing note: Trust-indenture sale notice: at least 120 days before sale.

Primary source: Mont. Code Ann. §§ 71-1-301 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee foreclosure under Nebraska’s trust-deed statutes (Chapter 76, Article 10) is the common path.

Notice: Record a notice of default giving generally one month to cure (two months for certain farming-use property). After the cure period, publish notice of sale once a week for five consecutive weeks (last publication 10–30 days before sale) and mail sale notice at least 20 days before sale to parties who requested notice.

Redemption: There is no general statutory post-sale redemption for this trustee’s sale path.

Timeline: Nebraska’s structure is a cure window plus five weeks of advertising—not an official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Notice of default generally allows one month to cure before sale advertising begins.

Primary source: Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 76-1001 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under NRS Chapter 107 is Nevada’s common residential path, with foreclosure mediation options for many owner-occupied homes.

Notice: Mail a pre-foreclosure account/default notice at least 30 days before recording a notice of default. Record the NOD, wait at least three months, then record and give notice of sale (personal service or certified mail 20 days before sale, property posting, public posting, and three weeks of newspaper publication). Residential posting and mediation-service rules add additional day counts.

Redemption: Reinstatement is generally available until five days before the sale. There is no general statutory post-sale redemption for the trustee’s sale path.

Timeline: The three-month post-NOD wait is a core statutory floor before sale noticing.

Statutory timing note: Wait at least three months after recording the notice of default before notice-of-sale procedures.

Primary source: NRS §§ 107.080 et seq.; 40.430 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial power-of-sale foreclosure is New Hampshire’s common path.

Notice: For a residential mortgage, serve or send notice of the foreclosure sale by registered or certified mail at least 45 days before sale. Publish once a week for three successive weeks with the first publication at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: Borrowers may redeem before the sale; survey materials list no general statutory post-sale redemption.

Timeline: The 45-day residential notice is the key statutory floor.

Statutory timing note: Residential mortgage sale notice: at least 45 days before sale.

Primary source: N.H. Rev. Stat. §§ 479:25 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure through the Superior Court Office of Foreclosure is New Jersey’s residential path.

Notice: Send a notice of intent to foreclose by registered or certified mail between 30 and 180 days before filing, stating a 30-day cure period. Serve the complaint/summons with mediation information. Before seeking a default judgment, send a final cure opportunity notice at least 14 days prior.

Redemption: Borrowers generally have 10 days after the foreclosure sale to redeem, with a longer post-deficiency-judgment redemption possible in some cases.

Timeline: New Jersey’s NOI and mediation framework create floors, but total months to sale vary widely by court and contest level.

Statutory timing note: Notice of intent: between 30 and 180 days before filing, with a 30-day cure period stated.

Primary source: N.J.S.A. §§ 2A:50-1 et seq.

Process: Judicial (most residential)

Process: Judicial foreclosure remains the most common New Mexico residential path; although deeds of trust can allow power of sale in some post-2006 instruments, Home Loan Protection Act constraints keep many home loans in court.

Notice: Send a notice of default and right to cure with at least a 30-day cure deadline before filing. After judgment, publish notice of sale for four weeks and complete required public postings; the sale must be at least 30 days after judgment.

Redemption: Borrowers generally have nine months from the sale date to redeem unless the mortgage shortens that period (subject to court extension authority up to nine months).

Timeline: New Mexico’s 30-day cure and 30-day post-judgment sale floors, plus a long redemption, make average months misleading without a case file.

Statutory timing note: Pre-suit cure notice: at least 30 days; sale at least 30 days after judgment; redemption commonly 9 months.

Primary source: N.M. Stat. §§ 39-5-1 et seq.; Home Loan Protection Act

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under the Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law is New York’s residential path, with mandatory settlement conferences for many home loans (CPLR 3408).

Notice: For many owner-occupied properties of four or fewer units, send the RPAPL 1304 90-day notice before filing. Serve the complaint/summons with required notices. Before sale, follow RPAPL publication and (outside cities/villages) posting rules.

Redemption: New York generally does not provide a statutory post-sale right of redemption after a mortgage foreclosure sale. Reinstatement before judgment typically dismisses the action; after judgment but before sale it can stay enforcement.

Timeline: The 90-day notice and settlement-conference practice create substantial floors; New York publishes no single official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Covered owner-occupied 1–4 unit homes: 90-day pre-foreclosure notice before filing.

Primary source: N.Y. RPAPL §§ 1303–1304, 1351 et seq.; CPLR 3408

Process: Non-judicial (power of sale with clerk hearing)

Process: North Carolina’s common path is a power-of-sale foreclosure that still requires a hearing before the clerk of superior court before the sale can proceed.

Notice: For a primary residence, mail a pre-foreclosure notice at least 45 days before filing a notice of hearing. Serve the notice of hearing (personal service 10 days before, or posting 20 days before). Before sale, post and mail notice at least 20 days prior and publish once a week for two successive weeks.

Redemption: After the sale, an upset-bid period—commonly 10 days after the report of sale is filed—allows the sale price to be upset and effectively gives a short post-sale window to protect equity.

Timeline: The 45-day notice and clerk hearing are citeable floors; total duration varies with continuances (up to 60 days in some principal-residence cases).

Statutory timing note: Primary residence: pre-foreclosure notice at least 45 days before filing the notice of hearing.

Primary source: N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 45-21.1 et seq.; 45-100 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under N.D.C.C. Chapter 32-19 is the common path.

Notice: Send notice of the potential foreclosure with a 30-day cure period between 30 and 90 days before filing. Serve the complaint/summons. Publish notice of sale once a week for three successive weeks with the last publication at least 10 days before sale.

Redemption: Borrowers generally may redeem for 60 days after the sale, with abandoned-property exceptions.

Timeline: North Dakota’s 30-day cure notice is a statutory floor; court time to judgment varies.

Statutory timing note: Pre-suit notice with a 30-day cure window, delivered between 30 and 90 days before filing.

Primary source: N.D. Cent. Code §§ 32-19-01 et seq.; 28-23-04

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Ohio’s residential path.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons (borrowers commonly have 28 days to answer). Before sale, publish notice once a week for three consecutive weeks. Property generally cannot sell for less than two-thirds of its appraised value.

Redemption: Borrowers may redeem at any time before the court confirms the sale.

Timeline: Ohio does not publish a single official average months-from-filing-to-sale figure; local dockets and mediation programs vary.

Statutory timing note: Answer period commonly 28 days after service; redemption continues until sale confirmation.

Primary source: Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2329.17–2329.33

Process: Both (judicial common; power-of-sale optional)

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Oklahoma’s most common path. Power-of-sale foreclosure also exists, but a homestead owner can elect a judicial proceeding by timely certified-mail notice and county-clerk filing.

Notice (judicial): After judgment, publish notice of sale for two successive weeks with the first publication at least 30 days before the sale, mail notice at least 10 days before sale, and follow courthouse/public posting rules when they apply.

Redemption: In judicial foreclosure, redeem until the court confirms the sale.

Timeline: Oklahoma’s 30-day first-publication rule is a judicial-sale floor; contested cases and elections between tracks change total duration. HomeCashOffer does not stop foreclosure.

Statutory timing note: Judicial sale: first publication at least 30 days before the sale date; mail notice at least 10 days before sale.

Primary source: Okla. Stat. tit. 12, §§ 686, 764; tit. 46, §§ 40–49

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under Oregon’s trust-deed statutes is the common residential path, with a required resolution-conference process for many loans.

Notice: After resolution-conference requirements, record a notice of default and give a notice of sale at least 120 days before the sale date by personal service or mail. Publish once a week for four successive weeks with the last publication at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: Reinstatement is available until five days before sale. There is no general statutory post-sale redemption; limited rescission rules can apply within 10 days in some avoidance-measure situations.

Timeline: The 120-day notice-of-sale floor is Oregon’s key citeable minimum for trustee’s sales.

Statutory timing note: Notice of sale: at least 120 days before sale; reinstatement until five days before sale.

Primary source: ORS §§ 86.705–86.815

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is Pennsylvania’s residential path, layered with Act 6 (pre-foreclosure notice/cure) and often Act 91 (Homeowner’s Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program) requirements.

Notice: When Act 6 applies, send a notice of intent to foreclose at least 30 days before filing. Many homeowners also receive Act 91 counseling/HEMAP notices. Before sale, post and serve notice at least 30 days prior and publish once a week for three successive weeks (first publication at least 21 days before sale).

Redemption: Pennsylvania generally does not provide a post-sale statutory redemption period. Residential borrowers may cure until one hour before bidding begins, subject to statutory limits on how often that right may be used.

Timeline: Act 6/Act 91 compliance creates floors; county diversion programs can add time. No official statewide average months-to-sale is published.

Statutory timing note: Act 6 notice of intent generally at least 30 days before filing when required; sale posting/service at least 30 days before sale.

Primary source: 41 P.S. §§ 403–404; 35 P.S. § 1680.401c et seq.; Pa.R.C.P. 3129.2

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial power-of-sale foreclosure is Rhode Island’s common path, with a foreclosure mediation program for many first-lien owner-occupied homes.

Notice: For covered loans, provide a mediation notice (commonly within 120 days of default). Publish notice of sale once a week for three successive weeks with the first publication at least 21 days before sale (third publication 7–14 days before). Certified-mail notice to the borrower is commonly required at least 30 days before the first publication.

Redemption: Survey materials list no general statutory post-sale redemption for this path.

Timeline: Mediation and publication rules set floors; Rhode Island does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: First publication at least 21 days before sale; mediation notice timing commonly within 120 days of default for covered loans.

Primary source: R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 34-27-1 et seq.

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure is South Carolina’s common residential path, with a court-administered foreclosure intervention process for principal residences.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons and send notice of the right to foreclosure intervention (commonly 30 days to request it). Before sale, post at the courthouse and two other public places and publish once a week for three consecutive weeks.

Redemption: Survey materials list no general statutory post-sale redemption. Lenders seeking a deficiency may need to keep bidding open for 30 days after sale.

Timeline: South Carolina does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure.

Statutory timing note: Borrowers commonly have 30 days from service of the intervention notice to request foreclosure intervention.

Primary source: S.C. Code §§ 15-39-610 et seq.; 29-3-610 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial (judicial available; borrower may elect judicial)

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure is common, but a borrower may apply to force a judicial proceeding even after a non-judicial path begins. Voluntary deed-in-lieu-style non-judicial resolutions also exist by agreement.

Notice: Serve notice of sale at least 21 days before the sale date and publish once a week for four successive weeks.

Redemption: Post-sale redemption is generally one year, or 180 days for short-term redemption mortgages, with possible shortening for abandonment.

Timeline: South Dakota’s publication/service rules are floors; the long redemption period is separate from time-to-sale.

Statutory timing note: Service of notice of sale at least 21 days before sale; publish for four successive weeks.

Primary source: S.D. Codified Laws §§ 21-48-1 et seq.; 21-52-11

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under power of sale is Tennessee’s common path.

Notice: Publish notice of sale in a county newspaper at least three times with the first publication at least 20 days before sale (or post in public places for 30 days if newspaper notice is unavailable). Mail notice to the borrower on or before the first publication date. High-cost home loans require a 30-day cure notice before publishing.

Redemption: Tennessee generally allows redemption for up to two years after the sale unless the mortgage or deed of trust expressly waives that right—check the security instrument.

Timeline: The 20-day first-publication rule is a floor; waiver of redemption in many modern deeds of trust is a critical case-specific fact.

Statutory timing note: First newspaper publication at least 20 days before sale; redemption often two years unless waived in the security instrument.

Primary source: Tenn. Code §§ 35-5-101 et seq.; 66-8-101 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under a deed of trust (Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002) is Texas’s common residential path.

Notice: For property used as the debtor’s residence, the mortgage servicer must send certified-mail notice of default giving at least 20 days to cure before giving notice of sale. Notice of sale must then be given at least 21 days before the sale by courthouse posting, county-clerk filing, and certified mail. Sales are held between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the first Tuesday of a month (narrow January 1 / July 4 Wednesday rule).

Redemption: Texas provides no general statutory post-sale right of redemption after an ordinary deed-of-trust foreclosure. Limited redemption regimes for tax sales or association assessments are different statutes.

Timeline: The 20- + 21-day notice structure can move quickly once notices issue, but federal servicing rules and loan documents still matter. HomeCashOffer does not stop foreclosure.

Statutory timing note: Residence: at least 20 days to cure after default notice; notice of sale at least 21 days before a first-Tuesday sale.

Primary source: Tex. Prop. Code § 51.002; Texas State Law Library

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trust-deed foreclosure under Utah Code Title 57, Chapter 1 is the common path.

Notice: Send a written pre-foreclosure notice that includes at least a 30-day cure period. Record a notice of default; wait three months; then give notice of sale by mail (at least 20 days before sale), newspaper publication once a week for three consecutive weeks, and posting at least 20 days before sale.

Redemption: Reinstatement is available for three months after the notice of default is recorded. There is no general statutory post-sale redemption for this path.

Timeline: The three-month post-NOD wait is Utah’s core statutory floor before sale noticing.

Statutory timing note: Three-month wait after notice of default before notice of sale; 30-day pre-NOD cure period in the pre-foreclosure notice.

Primary source: Utah Code §§ 57-1-24 et seq.

Process: Judicial (strict foreclosure or foreclosure by judicial sale)

Process: Judicial foreclosure in Vermont may be strict foreclosure or foreclosure by judicial sale; mediation programs may apply.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons. For a judicial sale, mail notice to the borrower at least 30 days before sale and publish once a week for three successive weeks beginning at least 21 days before sale.

Redemption: The court sets the redemption period in its decree; owner-occupied principal residences commonly receive up to six months after the decree. Strict foreclosure also uses a court-set redemption period.

Timeline: Vermont’s seven-month post-service floor before sale of many owner-occupied principal residences is a strong statutory/practice checkpoint.

Statutory timing note: Owner-occupied principal residence: sale generally not sooner than seven months after service; redemption commonly up to six months after decree.

Primary source: 12 V.S.A. §§ 4931 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under a deed of trust is Virginia’s common residential path.

Notice: For owner-occupied residential property, serve notice of sale by certified or registered mail at least 60 days before the sale (at least 14 days for other property), including HUD counseling and legal-aid resource information when required. Publish once a week for four successive weeks, or follow the deed-of-trust schedule subject to statutory minima.

Redemption: Virginia generally provides no statutory post-sale right of redemption after a trustee’s sale.

Timeline: The 60-day owner-occupied notice is the key citeable floor.

Statutory timing note: Owner-occupied residential notice of sale: at least 60 days before the sale date.

Primary source: Va. Code §§ 55.1-321, 55.1-322

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial trustee’s sale under the Deeds of Trust Act (RCW 61.24) is Washington’s common residential path, with a foreclosure mediation opt-in.

Notice: Send a pre-foreclosure contact letter; wait 30 days (or an additional 60 days if the borrower responds) before issuing a notice of default. Give notice of default at least 30 days before recording or serving a notice of sale. Record the notice of sale at least 90 days before sale (120 in some cases), mail/post/serve copies, and publish twice in a legal newspaper. At least 190 days must pass from default to sale.

Redemption: Reinstatement is available until 11 days before sale. There is no general statutory post-sale redemption after a completed non-judicial sale; the purchaser is entitled to possession on the 20th day after sale.

Timeline: The 190-day default-to-sale floor is Washington’s clearest statewide statutory minimum.

Statutory timing note: At least 190 days from default to sale; notice of sale recorded at least 90 days before sale (120 in some cases).

Primary source: RCW 61.24.005 et seq.

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under a deed of trust is West Virginia’s common path.

Notice: Send a notice of default giving 10 days to cure (borrowers may cure only a limited number of times on the same obligation). Advertise the sale in the county and serve the borrower a copy of the sale notice by certified mail within a reasonable time as developed in statute and case law.

Redemption: Survey materials list no general statutory post-sale redemption for this path.

Timeline: Beyond the 10-day cure notice, West Virginia does not publish a single official average months-to-sale figure—confirm the advertisement schedule in the notices you receive.

Statutory timing note: Default/cure notice: 10 days to cure (borrowers may lose the right after repeated defaults on the same obligation).

Primary source: W. Va. Code §§ 38-1-3 et seq.; 46A-2-106

Process: Judicial

Process: Judicial foreclosure under Wis. Stat. Chapter 846 is Wisconsin’s residential path; county mediation programs may apply.

Notice: File and serve a complaint/summons. Before sale, publish notice once a week for three successive weeks and follow public-place and website posting rules.

Redemption: For owner-occupied residences with four or fewer units, redemption after judgment is commonly six months for mortgages executed on or after April 27, 2016, or twelve months for older mortgages. Lenders often waive deficiency to shorten the period. There is generally no post-sale redemption once the sale occurs.

Timeline: Wisconsin’s post-judgment redemption clocks are the dominant timing feature—not an official average months-from-filing figure.

Statutory timing note: Owner-occupied 1–4 unit homes: redemption after judgment commonly six months (newer mortgages) or twelve months (older mortgages), often shortened if deficiency is waived.

Primary source: Wis. Stat. §§ 846.01 et seq.; 815.31

Process: Non-judicial

Process: Non-judicial foreclosure under Wyoming’s power-of-sale statutes is the common path.

Notice: Send notice of intent to foreclose by certified mail to the borrower (and occupant, if different) at least 10 days before the first publication of the notice of sale. Publish once a week for four consecutive weeks and serve a copy by certified mail at least 25 days before the sale date and before the first publication.

Redemption: Borrowers generally may redeem within three months of the sale date (twelve months for agricultural property).

Timeline: Wyoming’s publication and service rules are floors; the three-month redemption period follows the sale.

Statutory timing note: Intent notice at least 10 days before first publication; serve sale notice at least 25 days before sale; redemption commonly three months.

Primary source: Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-4-101 et seq.; 1-18-103